The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio, стр. 1
HOW A GROUP OF HACKERS, GENIUSES, AND GEEKS CREATED THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
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CONTENTS
Illustrated Timeline
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Ada, Countess of Lovelace
CHAPTER 2
The Computer
CHAPTER 3
Programming
CHAPTER 4
The Transistor
CHAPTER 5
The Microchip
CHAPTER 6
Video Games
CHAPTER 7
The Internet
CHAPTER 8
The Personal Computer
CHAPTER 9
Software
CHAPTER 10
Online
CHAPTER 11
The Web
CHAPTER 12
Ada Forever
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Notes
Photo Credits
Index
1843
Ada, Countess of Lovelace, publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
1847
George Boole creates a system using algebra for logical reasoning.
1890
The census is tabulated with Herman Hollerith’s punch-card machines.
1931
Vannevar Bush devises the Differential Analyzer, an analog electromechanical computer.
1935
Tommy Flowers pioneers use of vacuum tubes as on-off switches in circuits.
1937
Alan Turing publishes “On Computable Numbers,” describing a universal computer.
Claude Shannon describes how circuits of switches can perform tasks of Boolean algebra.
Bell Labs’ George Stibitz proposes a calculator using an electric circuit.
Howard Aiken proposes construction of large digital computer and discovers parts of Babbage’s Difference Engine at Harvard.
John Vincent Atanasoff puts together concepts for an electronic computer during a long December night’s drive.
1938
William Hewlett and David Packard form company in Palo Alto garage.
1939
Atanasoff finishes model of electronic computer with mechanical storage drums.
Turing arrives at Bletchley Park to work on breaking German codes.
1941
Konrad Zuse completes Z3, a fully functional electromechanical programmable digital computer.
John Mauchly visits Atanasoff in Iowa, sees computer demonstrated.
1942
Atanasoff completes partly working computer with three hundred vacuum tubes, leaves for Navy.
1943
Colossus, a vacuum-tube computer to break German codes, is completed at Bletchley Park.
1944
Harvard Mark I goes into operation.
John von Neumann goes to Penn to work on ENIAC.
1945
Von Neumann writes “First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC” describing a stored-program computer.
Six women programmers of ENIAC are sent to Aberdeen for training.
Vannevar Bush publishes “As We May Think,” describing personal computer.
Bush publishes “Science, the Endless Frontier,” proposing government funding of academic and industrial research.
ENIAC is fully operational.
1947
Transistor invented at Bell Labs.
1950
Turing publishes article describing a test for artificial intelligence.
1952
Grace Hopper develops first computer compiler.
Von Neumann completes modern computer at the Institute for Advanced Study.
UNIVAC predicts Eisenhower election victory.
1954
Turing commits suicide.
Texas Instruments introduces silicon transistor and helps launch Regency radio.
1956
Shockley Semiconductor founded.
First artificial intelligence conference.
1957
Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, and others form Fairchild Semiconductor.
Russia launches Sputnik.
1958
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) announced.
Jack Kilby demonstrates integrated circuit, or microchip.
1959
Noyce and Fairchild colleagues independently invent microchip.
1960
J. C. R. Licklider publishes “Man-Computer Symbiosis.”
Paul Baran at RAND devises packet switching.
1961
President Kennedy proposes sending man to the moon.
1962
MIT hackers create Spacewar game.
Licklider becomes founding director of ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office.
Doug Engelbart publishes “Augmenting Human Intellect.”
1963
Licklider proposes an “Intergalactic Computer Network.”
Engelbart and Bill English invent the mouse.
1964
Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters take bus trip across America.
1965
Ted Nelson publishes first article about “hypertext.”
Moore’s Law predicts microchips will double in power each year or so.